Venomous Snakes in New York: What You Need to Know and What to Do If You Get Bit

You might be surprised to learn that New York is home to three species of venomous snakes: the timber rattlesnake, the massasauga (also known as the swamp rattler), and the copperhead.

While the timber rattlesnake is the most widely recognized and found primarily in forested hillsides and rocky areas, the massasauga tends to inhabit wetland areas, and the copperhead is rare but occasionally spotted in the southern parts of the state.

Knowing how to identify these snakes and what to do if bitten is essential for anyone spending time outdoors in New York.

How to Identify a Timber Rattlesnake

Timber rattlesnakes are fairly large, typically 3 to 5 feet long, with a thick body and a distinctive rattle at the end of their tail. Their coloring ranges from yellowish to brown or gray, with dark bands or chevrons along their body. If you hear a rattling sound while outdoors, that’s your warning to stay clear.

How to Identify the Massasauga Snake

The massasauga, often called the swamp rattler, is a smaller rattlesnake species compared to the timber rattlesnake, usually growing between 18 to 30 inches long. It has a stout body with a distinctive pattern of dark blotches or saddles running down its back against a gray, brown, or tan background. Unlike the timber rattlesnake, the massasauga’s rattle is often quieter and less noticeable.

You’ll typically find massasaugas in wetland habitats such as marshes, swamps, and wet meadows, where they rely on their camouflaged coloring to blend in with the surroundings. Though shy and rarely aggressive, it’s important to give them plenty of space if encountered.

How to Identify the Copperhead Snake

The copperhead is one of New York’s less common venomous snakes, but it’s important to recognize it if you’re exploring the state’s southern regions. Copperheads are medium-sized snakes, usually about 2 to 3 feet long, with a distinctive coppery or reddish-brown head, hence their name. Their bodies are marked with hourglass-shaped bands that are darker brown or reddish against a lighter tan or pinkish background.

Unlike rattlesnakes, copperheads do not have a rattle on their tails, so they rely more on camouflage to avoid detection. They are often found in wooded areas, rocky hillsides, and near streams. If you spot one, it’s best to admire it from a distance and avoid disturbing it.

What to Do If You See a Venomous Snake

If you come across one of these snakes, the best thing to do is to stay calm and give it space. They usually won’t strike unless threatened or accidentally stepped on. Slowly back away and alert others nearby. Never try to handle or provoke the snake.

What to Do If You Get Bitten

While bites are rare, they can be serious. If you or someone else is bitten:

• Call 911 immediately or get to the nearest emergency room as fast as possible.
• Keep the bitten limb immobilized and positioned slightly below heart level to slow venom spread.
• Remove tight clothing, jewelry, or anything that might constrict swelling.
• Try to stay calm and limit movement to prevent the venom from traveling quickly through your body.
• Don’t try to suck out the venom, cut the wound, or apply ice or a tourniquet—these actions can do more harm than good.

What Happens at the Hospital?

Doctors will assess the bite and most likely administer antivenom, the most effective treatment. They’ll also monitor for swelling, allergic reactions, and any other complications. Immediate medical treatment dramatically improves outcomes, so getting help fast is crucial.

Preventing Snakebites in New York

You can reduce your risk by staying on well-worn trails, watching where you step or place your hands, and wearing sturdy boots and long pants when hiking in rattlesnake habitats. Pay attention to your surroundings and listen for that rattle. When you hear it, freeze and slowly back away.

Get our free mobile app

Remember: Snakes Are Part of Nature

Snakes play an important role in the ecosystem by controlling rodent populations. They generally want to avoid people, so respecting their space is key. If you’re spending time outdoors in New York, a little awareness and preparation can keep you safe while you enjoy the beauty around you.